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Traditional diplomacy focused solely on nation-states. Pant highlights how non-state actors now heavily influence global policy, including: Multinational Corporations (MNCs) International NGOs (e.g., Amnesty International) Transnational terrorist organizations Intergovernmental bodies (e.g., the UN, WTO, and IMF) 3. Emerging Geopolitical Flashpoints
The role of institutional cooperation, free trade, and international law.
It covers contemporary "burning issues" such as the War on Terror, the doctrine of regime change, failing global institutions, and emerging ideological conflicts. International Relations In 21st Century By Pushpesh Pant Pdf
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: Dedicated sections cover emerging trends, human rights, ecological and environmental concerns, and the impact of international communication systems.
Detailed phases of the Cold War (1945–1989), the Vietnam War, and the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
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International Relations in the 21st Century was published by Tata McGraw-Hill Education (now McGraw Hill Education). Multiple editions of the book exist, with the first edition published around 2011 and updated versions appearing in subsequent years. The book is designed to trace the story of international relations "right from the time of the emergence of sovereign states to the present day global issues".