The Growing Global Threat Of Antibiotic Resistance Ielts Reading Answers |top| -

Most livestock farmers use antibiotics solely to treat animals that are actively sick.

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Antibiotics are highly effective at curing viral infections like the influenza virus.

Antibiotics, once a "miracle cure," are losing their effectiveness due to bacterial evolution through natural selection and horizontal gene transfer. The Causes: The crisis is driven by the misuse and overuse

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Explanation: Paragraph D states that alternative therapies "often carry severe side effects, such as kidney damage."

In farming, livestock are frequently given antibiotics to encourage __________ rather than to cure infections.

Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the text.

Antibiotics have been hailed as one of the greatest medical breakthroughs of the 20th century. Since the discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928, these ‘miracle drugs’ have saved millions of lives by combating bacterial infections that were once fatal. However, in recent decades, the efficacy of these drugs has been steadily eroding. The rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) – specifically antibiotic resistance – is now recognised by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the top ten global public health threats facing humanity.

3. In the 2010s, most antibiotics were used for human medicine. If you share with third parties, their policies apply

Developing a new antibiotic typically takes less than five years.

An explanation of why drug companies find antibiotic development financially unattractive.

– The passage indicates that patients often expect antibiotics even when they are not appropriate.

| Question | Answer | Explanation | |---|---|---| | 1 | | Paragraph 1 states: “just four years after drug companies began mass-producing penicillin in 1943, microbes began appearing that could resist it”. | | 2 | C | Paragraph 3 states: “resistance levels are highest in the WHO South-East Asian and Eastern Mediterranean Regions, where one in three reported infections were resistant”. | | 3 | C | Paragraph 5 states: “the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in human medicine, animal husbandry, and agriculture are the primary drivers”. | | 4 | C | Paragraph 7 states: “annual GDP losses reaching US$1 trillion to US$3.4 trillion by 2030”. | | 5 | B | Paragraph 6 states: “a dual crisis: a scarcity of drugs in development and a lack of innovation in methods to fight drug-resistant bacteria”. | | 6 | A | Paragraph 4 explains that resistant bacteria survive and multiply through natural selection. | | 7 | B | Paragraph 8 discusses the economic consequences, including longer hospital stays and higher healthcare costs. | | 8 | C | Paragraph 7 presents economic data to highlight the financial threat of AMR. | | 9 | 10% | Paragraph 8 states: “a 10% reduction in AMR-related deaths”. | | 10 | One Health | The final paragraph states: “the ‘One Health’ approach … is central to any effective strategy”. |

The consequences are already being felt worldwide. Drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as E. coli and K. pneumoniae are becoming more dangerous globally. More than 40% of E. coli and over 55% of K. pneumoniae are now resistant to third‑generation cephalosporins, the first‑choice treatment for these infections. In the African Region, resistance exceeds 70%. Carbapenem resistance, once rare, is becoming more frequent, forcing reliance on last‑resort antibiotics that are costly and often unavailable in low‑ and middle‑income countries. Antibiotics are highly effective at curing viral infections

Do you need a breakdown of (like vaccine history or public health systems)?

Paragraph C explicitly states that alternative second- and third-line interventions are "inherently more toxic, prohibitively expensive." This directly contradicts the claim that they are safer and cheaper. 9. Answer: TRUE

A warning about the projected future death toll if no action is taken.

Match causes (e.g., overuse in farming) to their specific consequences mentioned in the text. Conclusion: A Looming Crisis